Vase with Poppies, 1886 - by Vincent van Gogh
In his Dutch years, Van Gogh had employed a tonal palette typical of the Barbizon painters and some of the Hague School artists. But in 1884, he encountered a new theory of colour in the books and articles he was reading about the French painter Eugene Delacroix. From these texts, Van Gogh derived the thesis that one of the distinguishing features and great discoveries of recent art that made it 'modern' was the use of complementary and contrasting colours in place of tonality and chiaroscuro. The basic message of his reading was that each primary colour - red, blue, yellow - has a complementary colour composed of a mixture of the other two. The complement of red is green; of blue, orange; of yellow, violet. Shadows cast by an object should include the complementary colour of the object. Complementaries are also used to heighten and intensify the brilliance of colour.
In his ambition to be modern Van Gogh adopted these theories, but without a sophisticated understanding of them or a sound technical foundation as a painter. He applied them crudely and programmatically, though often with unexpectedly powerful and original effects. During the spring and summer of 1886, Van Gogh corresponded regularly with Bernard, giving his friend reports on work in progress and describing his colour experiments such as this still life. The complementary pairs of red and blue, yellow and violet can be easily recognized in Vase with Poppies.